Thesis on Pakistan Railways - 6300 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The current study remains limited in its scope as it looks at the problems faced by Pakistan Railways and there solutions not at the organization as a whole. The research is mainly made by collecting data from Peshawar amp; Nowshera railway stations and conclusions are drawn on the basis of that data. To undertake the task we went through the existing literature on Pakistan Railways and reviewed the current state of affairs through available data. Pakistan Railways have been running losses since mid-seventies. This persistent failure owes to absence of a clear direction for the organization, a pessimistic organizational ethos resulting from years of decline and political interference in decision making to the detriment†¦show more content†¦Of this 6,880 route kilometres (4,280 mi) were Broad gauge, 506 kilometres (314 mi) were Metre gauge, and 736 kilometres (457 mi) wereNarrow gauge. In 1954, the railway line was extended to Mardan and Charsada, and in 1956 the Jacobabad-Kashmore 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge line was converted into broad gauge. In 1961, the Pakistani portion of North Western Railways was renamed Pakistan Railways. The Kot Adu-Kashmore line was constructed between 1969 and 1973 providing an alternative route from Karachi to northern Pakistan. In February 2006 the Mirpur Khas-Khokhrapar 126 km metre gauge railway line was converted to broad gauge. ------------------------------------------------- Current state Pakistan, despite its moderate size, has a largely dysfunctional railway system. As of mid-2011, it was decided to stop all goods train haulage due to severe shortage of locomotives and fuel. The financially bankrupt organization, despite bailouts, has not been able to emerge out of its troubles leading to cancellation of as many as 115 railway services. The decision has left ordinary Pakistanis at the mercy of bus operators for long distance travel. As of 2011, the PR network cancelled many trains and AC services in many trains were stopped. On 29 December 2011, PR restored freight train service from Karachi to upcountry. ------------------------------------------------- Controversies Pakistan Railways has been theShow MoreRelatedThe Integration Of Indian People1882 Words   |  8 Pagesrule, so was the Aligarh Muslim University made for the upliftment and advancement of the Muslims exclusively. Both became instrumental to cause the communal divide and ultimately the division of the country into two separate dominions India and Pakistan on the basis of two nation therapy. 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Cash Budget Example

Essays on Cash Budget Essay CASH BUDGET ITEM Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Beginning cash balance: 5000 2300 -1300 -2900 -3900 Cash Receipts 2000 Expected cash receipts: Cash Sales 400 1600 2100 1700 2200 Total cash collected 5400 5900 800 -1200 -1700 Expected Cash Expenses: Initial Stock 1000 Inventory 1000 2500 1500 2000 Payroll (Self) 800 800 800 800 800 Payroll (Employee) 400 400 400 400 400 Other Direct Expenses: Selling Expenses 5000 Rent for stand 900 225 Total cash Expenses 3100 7200 3700 2700 3425 Cash Surplus (or deficit) 2300 (-1300) (-2900) (-3900) (-5125) From the cash surplus calculated above, it can be seen that the amount of surplus is increasing on the negative side and the major reason for this is due to the fact that there is a mismatch in the expenses and the income and it is advised that Sam would have to approach the bank with a loan of around  £6000 in order to be able to cover the expenses for the first 5 months of the business period. a) Other than the owners of a business, what other stakeholders are there and where do their interests in the business lie? Apart from the owners of a business, the following are regarded as the primary stakeholders under a business set up. They are as listed below: Investors: Investors are the entities within a business that help fund the business initiative by purchasing an equity in the company tus helping in funding the company for further growth and expansion. As such, investors hold a share in the business and they expect some financial gain out of the activities of the business. Shareholders (assuming the owners are the people who created the business): a shareholder is an individual or a business entity that owns one or more shared of a joint stock company. In this case, the shareholders may be termed as the owners of the business. But a subtle difference lies in the fact that the owners of the company are assumed to be the parties that actually participate in the business’ day to day activities unlike other shareholders who merely have invested in the company by buying its shares and as such, may be regarded as passive owners. Shareholders key interests are two fold in that they are primarily interested in the profit and growth margins of the company (which ultimately has an impact on the dividend). Additionally, shareholders also have an added privilege of taking part in the decision making process of th organization. Employees: simply speaking, an employee is an individual who undertake the role of economic production. This is achieved by the owners of the company by hiring every employee to perform a specific task that is deemed necessary from the organization’s perspective. For the employee, the progress of the company is important as this is measured against individual performance, which determines the path of the employee through the organization’s hierarchy. Government: a government is a legal authority that enacts laws and ensures that all rules legislations and policies are adhered to by the company. A government is an important stakeholder within an organization as it has to constantly monitor the welfare of all other stakeholders within the organization, which is achieved by ensuring whether all the legislations are met by the various elements of the company. b) Explain why there is a distinction between management accounting information and financial accounting information. Accounting information is maintained and distinguished broadly from two different perspectives namely in the form of financial accounts and management accounts. While financial accounts are aimed at providing information to external users, managerial accounts work towards providing a deep insight to users internal to the company. Though one may argue that both work towards providing account information to the intended users, there are numerous differences that exist among them. Financial Accounts are usually yearly accounts that provide details of the financial performance of the company and the manner in which things have been in place during the same period. This is termed as the trading period and the financial account is summarized by use of the balance sheet. Management accounts on the other hand are used by the company’s management to understand and devise the control and structure of the organization’s activities, structure and policies so as to improvise the decision making process. The sole intention of management account is to assist in minimizing costs and maximizing profits. Details of sales, profit and turnover serve the purpose of management information. Financial Accounting is governed in a stricter manner in comparison to management accounts through the ue of regulatory entities such as accounting standards and company law. Another interesting attribute is that while financial accounts are devised by considering the business as a single process, management accounts are often used to study the performance or devise strategies for specific elements of the business process such as individual departments, products etc. management accounting is worked out by use of numerous variables such as cost, sales, workforce, time, effort etc. financial accounting on the other hand, is highly streamlined and tends to focus on monetary elements alone. c) Discuss the limitations of the balance sheet in portraying the financial position of a business. A balance sheet is a snapshot of the value of the assets and liabilities of the organization and is usually worked out for a financial year. Essentially speaking, the assets and liabilities in a balance sheet are supposed to be balanced against each other. Speaking differently, the net worth of the business must equal the assets against the liabilities. However, a balance sheet, despite its importance, is known to contain certain limitations. These are as discussed here under. One of the most limiting facts about balance sheet is that its construction, production and release requires time and this means that the balance sheet is available for review only after some time after the actual occurrence of the events concerning the assets and liabilities. As such, the production of a balance sheet induces a certain amount of delay, which is not good in some situations especially when the structure or dynamics governing the functioning of the organization have changes since the facts and details used for constructing the balance sheet were obtained. As such, it is quite important to look into the delay factor and minimize it as far as possible. The second limiting point about balance sheets is their vulnerability to manipulations by the organization. It has been observed on numerous occasions that though there being the requirement that companies have to follow standard procedures and guidelines during the preparation on the balance sheet, it has been the case that the results are quite often modified as far as possible to project the best possible results, though the actual parameters may be different on the ground. There are also possibilities that the assets of the company are evaluated incorrectly, in which case the balance sheet may result in erroneous results. The faults in estimating the value of assets lies in the kind of valuation method adopted by the concerned authority. A balance sheet is also limited in that it provides information on the liquidated value. In case of a takeover or a mortgage, this is not desirable as the area of interest in such cases would be the amount of profit that the business is capable of generating over a period of time. As such, it can be seen that the balance sheet consists of some inherent defects, for which additional theories and techniques are utilized to overcome these limitations.

The Evolution of Art Free Essays

Stacie Mueller Art 100 Professor Morris 24 February 2012 The Evolution of Art To even begin to define art, we must have a starting point in history where something was first perceived as art. The question begs, though, why do we perceive it as art? To look up the word in a dictionary, you will find the term aesthetics almost always applied to its definition; however, much of we call art today is not exactly pleasing to the eye. Our shifting social attitudes have affected how art has been presented to us over time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now We see depictions of hate, of war, of death, and many other forms of sorrow and horror. Moreover, we must consider how technology and modern conveniences have allowed a greater realm in the world of art: Photography and Photoshop programs, computer generated graphics, and applications for use with tablets and smart phones that allow us to modify images in an infinite number of ways. Loosely defined, the word art seems to be applied to almost anything: The written word, photography, performance arts, computer graphics, commercial art, fashion, culinary, comics, and so on. For purposes of this research paper, however, the focus will be on the more concrete forms of art that we’ve come to know throughout history. The definition of art has certainly shifted and changed over time and across cultures; in this research paper we will explore how art has evolved. Art is many things to one person, and certainly carries different meanings for another person. However, anything and everything cannot be art or it would be difficult to appreciate art’s true essence; the quality that brings forth contemplation and deliberation. Besides creativity, art takes deep thought, imagination, and accomplishes a specific goal. Artists help us see things that matter and give us a different perspective with a specific goal in mind. The earliest art was discovered on cave walls in Lascaux, France. Paintings on the walls included large numbers of animals in various activities, as well as humans. In Art: A New History, Paul Johnson shows us the ingenuity of early artists: Pestles and mortars were found at Lascaux, with the discovery of â€Å"no less than 158 different mineral fragments from which the mixtures were made† (9). Techniques of these early artists included engraving with flakes of sharp flint, spraying paint, and the use of stencils. The use of colors, binding agents and tools to get the material to the walls such as brushes, and blow tools, is remarkable for the time period. It appears that the purpose of the cave paintings was to tell a story; as if the artists were attempting to make a connection with the animals they hunted and also feared (Getlein, 5). In the years since, many things have occurred in history affording great influence on art. The introduction of Christianity into the Roman Empire created a dynamic, cultural shift over religious beliefs (Getlein, 345). Realism, which centered around depictions of everyday life, was seen in art during that period of time. As the Roman Empire shifted into the Byzantine Empire in the early Middle Ages, Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was to become the state religion. Hence, Byzantium art glorified Christianity in attempt to express its mystery. The subject matter became primarily religious and imperial, moving away from realism, while showing a more compressed, abstract style. Rather than depicting images of ordinary daily life, artists created more complex scenes that represented spiritual and heavenly splendor. Mosaic was a favored technique of Byzantium artists: An example of this is the mosaic depicting Christ as Pantokrator in the Santa Maria la Nuova (Getlein, 350). During the early Middle Ages we saw emotions in art shift back to realism in Carolingian art. When the emperor Charlemagne was crowned king in 800, uniting Christianity with Roman beliefs, chapels were designed to rival Roman and Byzantine architecture. The Chapel of Charlemagne is a mighty example of Carolingian art: Massive stone structure with an octagonal plan, mosaic decoration, and an interior framed by massive arches (Getlein, 15. 13). Some competition with Byzantium may also be implicit in Charlemagne’s promotion of figural painting and carving, for he embraced and encouraged representational art at precisely the time when Byzantine rulers were renouncing images in favor of iconoclasm. The Romanesque period (1050 to 1200) gave us the proliferation of churches with thick stone walls, round arches and barrel vaulted stone ceilings. One such example is Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy (Getlein, 15. 14). Evolving from Romanesque style, Gothic art is more ornate. Churches are characterized by soaring interiors and large stained-glass windows. The Chartres Chapel exemplifies Gothic art in its flying buttresses and ornate towers (Getlein, 15. 18). During the late Middle ages, art became an even more powerful means of storytelling. This was a common device of religious art of the Middle ages, for example in the frescoes by Giotto from the Church of San Francesco de Assisi, where sequences of panels were used to tell stories from the Scriptures or lives of saints (Getlein, 15. 26). The definition of art continues to change as we cross continents. The symbolism in African art, for example, was quite strong. The use of masks was one of the most interesting parts of their everyday life. Masks were meant to be kept in motion, as Getlein explains, because they represent â€Å"the head or face of a spirit being that has appeared in the community† (420). The nowo mask was used to represent the guiding spirit of Bondo, a women’s organization that regulates female affairs. Bondo is an initiation that prepares young girls for womanhood. An important feature of the nowo mask is the rings around its base; they are meant to represent a chrysalis, as girls emerge as women at the conclusion of Bondo (Getlein, 420). In more modern times we’ve seen various forms of â€Å"isms†: Impressionism, Expressionism, Naturalism, Realism, Modernism, and Surrealism – to name a few. Impressionist painting was perceived as working from outer appearances. Expressionistic artists intended to show a more inner dialogue, particularly with their use of color. The objective attention to appearances places Impressionism within the context Naturalism. While Naturalism and Realism are terms which are used interchangeably, the Naturalist is more impressed by the surface of things, such as the textures of fabric, the play of light, or the sheen of gold. The Realist tends to probe deeper into appearances, seeking the essence. Twentieth century Modernism is a reaction to Naturalism. Trevor Pateman describes Modernism as that which â€Å"can be defined as being concerned with the inner, or subjective, at the expense of the outer, or objective† (Pateman). The modernist viewed art as an agent of social change and even helped shape many political movements. The Surrealist movement sought techniques which would permit essence to break through the illusions of appearance, emphasizing imagery from dreams and fantasy. In this, Surrealists sought to act like Realists of the inner rather than the outer world. In all of these â€Å"isms,† however, there is a certain common ground: a focus on people, nature scenes, and everyday items. We can see that art has gone through many evolutions, but even though the technology of today has created more mediums for the creation of art, I wouldn’t say it has been transformed. Art, it seems, has forever been intended to speak the language of the unconscious mind. The human condition, nature, and events continue to capture the attention of artists. Works Cited Clowney, David. Definitions Of Art And Fine Art’s Historical Origins. † Journal Of Aesthetics Art Criticism 69. 3 (2011): 309-320. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Getlein, Mark. Living With Art. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Johnson, Paul. â€Å"Painted Caves and Giant Stones. † Art: A New History. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. 7-16. Print. Keizer , Joost. â€Å"Michelangelo, Drawing, And The Subject Of Art. † Art Bulletin 93. 3 (2011): 304-324. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Pateman, Trevor. â€Å"Isms: Expressionism, Impressionism, Naturalism, Realism, Surrealism. † Selectedworks. co. uk. N. p. , 2005. Web. 2 Mar. 2013 How to cite The Evolution of Art, Papers

THE HISTORY OF GOOGLE Essay Example For Students

THE HISTORY OF GOOGLE Essay THE HISTORY OF GOOGLEThe internet is one (if not) the biggest fastest forms of communication we use in this world. Its used to connect people to one another from any point on the earth. The internet also consist of a large number of search engine. Each search engine can look up and find about anything you are looking for. One of the biggest search engines today is google. Google is a play on the word googol. Googol was coined by a man named Milton Sirotta. Milton Sirotta was the nephew of an American mathematician Edward Kasner and James Newman. The word googol means the number represented by the number one followed by a hundred zeros. Google used that term because the internet seems to have infinite amount of information, and there doesnt seem to be a name more suitable. We will write a custom essay on THE HISTORY OF GOOGLE specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The two founders of google are Larry Page and Sergey Brin. They both were graduate students at Stanford university in computer science in 1995. During the month of January of 1996 Larry Page and Sergey Brin began working on a search engine they named Backrub. They used this name because of its ability to analyze the back links pointing to a given website. Larry Page took on the task of creating a new kind of internet server source that would use low-end PCs instead of the big expensive machines. Both Larry Page and Sergey Brin kept working to make their technology as perfect as they could for the first half of 1998. They purchased a terabyte of disks at low bargain prices. They built their own computer center in Larrys Pages dorm room. The computer center in Pages room actually later became googles first data center. While working on that Brin had opened to find potential partners that might want to license a search technology better than any other available. One of the potential partners they called was a friend of theres (who is the founder of yahoo) David Filo. Filo agreed that Page and Brin had technology that was very solid. He advised Page and Brin to develop there service themselves by starting a search engine company. No other potential partners were interested in google. A portal CEO told Page and Brin as long as were 80 percent as good as our competitors, thats good enough. Our users dont really core about search. Although Page and Brin were unable to interest the major portal players, they decided to go at it alone. All they needed was more money out of the dorm, and to clear up unpaid credit cards they used up by buying a terabyte of memory. One day Page and Brin came across Andy Bechtolsheim. Bechtolsheim is one of the founders of sun Microsystems. He took one look at the demo of google (Page and Brin had created) and he knew it had a lot of potential. At the time Bechtolsheim was in a rush, so since he liked what he saw he wrote Page and Brin a check for one thousand dollars. Unfortunately since there was no legal company know as google inc. they couldnt deposit the check. They held on to it while they scrambled to set up a corporation. While looking for funding there total investment was almost one million dollars. On September 7, 1998, google inc. opened google inc. first home. It was a space attached to a friends garage. They hired there first employee there. Craig Silverstein was the f irst employee hired and was named googles director of technology. Google.com (still in beta) was growing and was answering 10,000 search queries each day. The media began to notice the new search engine and by December of 1998 PC magazine named google one of its top 100 web sites and search engines. The more the media noticed google the more it moved up in the world. By feburary of 1999 google had grown substantially larger and had to move from its small home Menlo Park. Google inc. moved to an office on university avenue in Palo Alto. At this point google inc. had eight employees, and the service was answering more than five hundred thousand queries per day. Now that google was growing more companys became interested in the service. Red hat signed on as googles first commercial search customer. .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 , .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .postImageUrl , .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 , .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053:hover , .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053:visited , .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053:active { border:0!important; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053:active , .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053 .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f3338231c5307e950c2d46cc328b053:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Unemployment EssayGoogle had begun to encounter gridlock so they alleviated the problem with a move to the googleplex. Thats googles current headquarters in mount vice, California. Both aol and nestscape decided on google aas there web search service. By doing so aol and nestscape helped push traffic levels post three million searches per day. Google continuously kept growing. Google went international when Italian Portal Virgilo, Virgin net, and the Uks leading online entertainment guide signed on as a client. The growth of google bought in awards like the technical excellence award for innovation in web application development from PC magazine and inclusion in several be st of list. At the googleplex, they foster a relaxed mood which promotes a positive work drive. TLC googleplex office has things such as large rubber exercise balls in place of chairs, large dogs, and open space opposed to cubicals. Moreover the googleplex parking lot were used to roller hockey games twice a week. The people at googleplex believe that a relaxed work enviorment fosters an accelerated exchange of ideas and collegiality. Some of googles improvements include the google dictionary and the ability to search via wireless devices. Also, google has made itself more marketable by introducing ten language versions. Googles accomplishments are beginning to fill their mantle. Google was awarded the webby award and a peoples voice award for technical achievement in May 2000. After introducing a billion page index. Google became the worlds largest search engine. This billion page index allows so much of the webs content to be accessed in a searchable format. On June 26, google and yahoo announced a new partnership. Moreover, partnership deals were announced with chinas leading portal Netease and NECs BIGLOBE portal in Japan. Both added google to their sites. On June 26 google and yahoo announced to the world that the two server giants started a partnership. After that partnership was bought out, in the following months numerous partnerships with google were announced with companys like: netscape and necs biglobe (which portals in japan). In late 2000 google enhanced users power by allowing users to search anywhere on the web. Google helped enhance this by introducing the google toolbar. At the conclusion of 2000 google was handling over a hundred million search queries a day. That still wasnt enough for google inc. because they where still searching for new ways to connect people with information they need. Meanwhile, google had taken on a cornerstone of internet culture. In Feburary google took on the assets of Deja.com and began the arduous task of intergrating the huge volume of data in the internets largest usenet archive into a searchable format. Basically what that means is that google provided the searchers with improved postings, post removal, and threading of the 500 million plus messages exchanged over the years. As google saw there global audience continue to grow, they noticed a lot of search queries. By noticing these queries google noticed where humanitys mind was at. Google sat down and sort through countless numbers of keywords and captured the top searches and came up with the google zeitgeist. Googles definition of the google zeitgeist as a showcase of rising and falling stars in the search firmament as names and places flicker from obscurity to center stage and fade back again. Over the years to come, googles capabilities multiplied. Even down to the companys financial footing became even more secure. Toward the beginning of the fourth quarter in 2001, google announced that they had discovered what a lot of other online companys couldnt and thats profitability. Googles popularity kept growing and as a result of that so did the circle of friends as they called it. Google reached an agreement with lycris korea which brought googles search to a new group of asian internet users. Later in October of 2001 google developed a partnership with Universo online. With this partnership this mad google latin americas premier search engine. Now that google had gone international, they opened new sales offices in hamburg and Tokyo to satisfy the growing international interest in googles advertising programs. Now that google went international users could limit there search to sites written in Arabic, Turkish, or any of 26 other languages. Google then added a few new features file type search added a dozen formats to googles roster of searchable documents. In the month of December google launched a new feature called google image search. Google image search first launched during the summer with 250 million images. And came out of beta with advanced search added and expanded image index. Google to a stop forward and introduced the google catalog search. Google users were able to search over 1,100 mail order catalogs that were in the past only available in print. Also in deeember google reached a huge mile stone when the google search index reached three billion searchable web documents. This was another leap forward toward google achieving there goal to make the worlds information accessible. Googles year came to a close appropriately with the year end google zeitgeist a retrospective on the search patterns, trends, and top search terms of 2001. .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 , .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .postImageUrl , .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 , .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0:hover , .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0:visited , .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0:active { border:0!important; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0:active , .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0 .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5da262aadbfb13269f777b42c8ebd9a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oskar Schindler and the Famous List EssayIn febuary of 2002 google introduced the google search appliance. Google search appliance is a plug-and-play search solution in a bright yellow box. Soon it had e-commerce sites, university networking, and company intranet, with organizations from boeing to the university of florida powering their searches with google in a box. The 2001 search engine watch awards ( which was announced in febuary 2002) awarded google top honors for outstanding search service, best image search engine, best design, most webmaster friendly search engine, and best search feature. Google showed its love for its users by bringing forth the google programming contest. This contest daunted challenge with a tempting prize of ten thousand dollars, a visit to the googleplex, and a chance for the winner to spend some quality time with the google code base. The contest was later one by Daniel Egnor who went on to create a program enabling users to search for webpages within a specified geographic area. In the year 2004 google achieved new services. One of those services was local search for those times when all a person needs is a neighborhood place close enough to deliver, pick up something in driving distance or walking distance. On april 1 google announced it was offering free emails with 1,000 megabytes of memory and had plans to open an engineering office on the moon. In conclusion the internet is a rapid growing machine. It consist of many different areas. One of the internets major areas is the search engines. Right now google is the one of the biggest search engines if not the biggest. Google went from a small company first in a dorm room, to a garage, to a front office, and now talk of an office on the moon. That alone goes to show just how important search engines are on the web and how many people need and use them.

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay Example How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. Essay How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. At the age of fourteen, I had my first puff of smoke. Even before that I knew a lot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except this kind of advertisement, I had seen lots of tobacco advertisements on billboards which made me believe that everything is ok if I smoke. This is a false impression that tobacco advertisements picture to teenagers. Tobacco advertisements influence teenagers by glamorizing smoking. The World Health Organization blamed the advertisers for attracting young people, by representing cigarettes with being glamorous, energetic and attractive (BBC News 1). Except that, is how big the billboards are (see fig. 1 and fig. 2). Fig. 1. Photograph of a billboard advertising Peter Stuyvesant cigarettes Fig. 2. Billboard, featuring a man leaning against a boat and smoking, with the caption Slow Down. Pleasure Up. Even teenagers can see these big advertisements and they imitate what they see from different media which influences them into smoking. Although tobacco advertisers say that their advertisements are aimed for adults, yet this is not true because teenagers imitate those images . The glamorization of tobacco, the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising and the effects of advertisement are the main reasons why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be banned. Banning tobacco advertisements at places where teenagers are able to see them, means ban at all public places which leads to violation of companies’ rights. Young people go everywhere and since the advertisements are put everywhere the advertisers wont be able to advertise tobacco anymore. This means that the advertisers might lose their jobs. But there will be no violation of companies rights if they advertise their product in a different way. The cigarette expenses’ were replaced by advertising cigarettes with another way without profits or loss of the advertisers jobs. This has been tested in a number of European Union countries, which have banned tobacco advertising (Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship 2). They will still be able to advertise their product but only to adults. A way for the advertisers to do that, is to make a magazine advertising all the cigarette brands, in a way of attracting smokers. And this magazine be purchased only by adults over the age of twenty five years old and the salesmen should always ask for an identity. Another way to advertise cigarettes at adult smokers, is to offer them free packs of cigarettes at cafes and clubs. But also ask for an identity before giving them the free pack. The first main reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is that the advertisers glamorize smoking. They use billboards, bus stops, the movies and kiosks (see fig. 3) to advertise cigarettes. Fig. 3. A new stand in Athens with a tent with a Davidoff advertisement. They present the Davidoff cigarettes with a sexy, successful, rich and smart man. Also they have put the slogan â€Å"the more you know† which gives the impression that smoking Davidoff will make you know more things or become smarter. They have glamorized their product in such a way for teenagers to believe that if they smoke Davidoff they will be successful, rich and smart. The advertisements create the image of smoking as cool, acceptable and popular among independent, active and fun-loving people. The advertisements at billboards and bus stops are presented in the same way. The bad thing with the bus stops advertisements is that they are placed not even a meter from the ground, where even a baby can see and touch them. But in the movies there is a big deference, because there are actors and actresses which are successful and well known and the glamorization effectiveness is bigger than in any other advertisement. The second reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising. When teenagers see a tobacco advertisement showing smokers who are pictured with lots of friends, they feel they want to be cool or successful socially. This is how the advertisements play into the natural insecurities of young people. Also when the teenagers see the Virginia Slims advertisements they get the impression that smoking will make them beautiful and thinner. But this is not true, because it destroys the beauty. The tobacco companies use this confusion that many young people think (KQED). The advertisements connect smoking with romantic relationships. Because many people want to feel emotionally secure and physically attractive advertisements create a false impression between smoking and finding the soul-mate. Another way to advertise their product is to put healthy, successful and thin role models to act in such a way to attract teens. A recent report from the National Cancer Institute strongly suggests that tobacco advertising and the depiction of cigarette smoking in movies can encourage teenagers to start smoking (Hayes 1). Also Hausa film Industry stars glamorize the smoking of cigarettes and the rate of this glamorization is very big. Young people imitate the actors and actresses, who are passing a fake message to young people, that smoking can bring success and popularity. Although it is an unreal message and young people should be aware of it because there are a lot of dangers if they believe it (Triumph Weekend 1). The advertisers try to convince teenagers that smoking is a mature adult activity creating them the feeling that if they smoke they will be as much mature as an adult. But nothing from the feelings they create is true because smoking can’t make people smarter, thinner, attracting, beautiful even more mature. The third reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the effect which advertisements have on young people. Young people imitate what they see from different media and children are influenced into smoking from tobacco advertising. Although the companies say that advertising is aimed for adults yet they know that younger teenagers imitate the older images of cigarettes which are shown (Donnellan 8). The teenagers who own a tobacco promotional item and could name a brand of cigarettes were more than twice as likely to become smokers (Benier 1). This is a fact that the tendency which teenagers have to imitate the advertisements of cigarettes leads to the bad habit of smoking. The more exposed teenagers are to advertising the most likely are to become smokers. And smoking leads to the bad effects of tobacco use. The boy or girl you like will go away if you smell cigarette smoke. But this is nothing in comparison to the effects of smoking on every organ of your body. The tobacco smoke harms the health of the person who smokes (Hazard 1). Concluding, cigarette advertisements targeting young people should be banned to protect the teenagers from this unhealthy activity. The call by the World Health organization for a ban on advertising of smoking was published in May, the day before the World No tobacco day. This is a part of a 2008 effort to prevent tobacco companies from making advertisements attracting young people to smoke. Because the more tobacco advertisements young people see, the most they are likely to smoke (Chan 1). â€Å"Advertising and Children’s Use of Tobacco’’. National Institute of Media and Family. 18 Nov. 2004. 16 March 2009 mediafamily. org/facts/facts_tobacco. shtml. Bronwyn, Lamay. â€Å" Busting The Tobacco Ads†. KQCD Education. 2001. 26 May 2009 http://uw. kqed. org/edresources/plan. . â€Å"Call To Ban All Tobacco Adverts†. BBC News 31 May 2008. 24 Apr. 2009 newsvote. bbc. co. uk/. Chan, Margaret. Who Calls for Banning all Tobacco Advertising, Promotion. Nations Health 38. 6(Aug. 008): 21. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Amer. Coll. of Gr. Libraries, Athens, Gr. 9 rill 2009 ;http://web. ebscohost. com;. Donnellan, Craig, ed. â€Å"Children and Smoking†. Smoking and your Health. Vol. 86. Ser. 362. 2. Cambridge: Independence, 2004. Hayes, Susan. â€Å"Smoke Screen†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Jan. 2009: 16 Hazard, Andrea. †Å"It Stinks To Smoke†. NewsBank Popular Periodicals Nov. 2008:32 â€Å"Hausa Film Stars Glamorize Smoking Of Cigarettes†. Triumph Weekend 17 March 2007. â€Å"Industry Arguments†. Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship. Nov. 2008 8 June 2009. ; tobaccofreecenter. org;.

Verb Conjugations for Maintenir (To Maintain) in French

Verb Conjugations for Maintenir (To Maintain) in French The French verb  maintenir  means to maintain. Because the English and French are very similar, this is a relatively easy one to remember. Yet, if you want to say maintained or maintaining in French, you will need to conjugate the verb. Since  maintenir is an irregular verb, this lesson is a little challenging. Conjugations of the French Verb  Maintenir   Maintenir is an  irregular -ir verb. This means that it does not follow one of the more common verb conjugation patterns. However, all French verbs that end in  -venir  and  -tenir  are conjugated the same way. It may be a good idea to study a few of these at one time to make learning each easier. In order to learn the most basic conjugates of  maintenir, study the table below. You will need to pair the subject pronoun with the present, future, or imperfect past tense to fit your sentence. For instance, I am maintaining is je maintiens while we will maintain is nous maintiendrons. Pay particular attention to the verb forms that add an I after the T as these can catch you by surprise. Subject Present Future Imperfect je maintiens maintiendrai maintenais tu maintiens maintiendras maintenais il maintient maintiendra maintenait nous maintenons maintiendrons maintenions vous maintenez maintiendrez mainteniez ils maintiennent maintiendront maintenaient The Present Participle of  Maintenir   The present participle of maintenir  is maintenant. This was formed by simply adding -ant  to the verb stem  mainten. When needed, it can also be used as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well as a verb. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to express the past tense in French. Its a simple phrase to construct and makes use of the past participle  maintenu. You will also need the subject pronoun and the appropriate conjugate of the auxiliary verb  avoir. It all comes together rather easily: I maintained is jai maintenu and we maintained is nous avons maintenu. More Simple  Maintenir  Conjugations to Learn The conjugations above should be a priority in your French studies because you will use them most often. There may be times when you will need other simple conjugations. For instance, the subjunctive verb mood implies uncertainty while the conditional says that the action is dependent on something. In contrast, the passà © simple and the imperfect subjunctive are literary verb forms and found in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je maintienne maintiendrais maintins maintinsse tu maintiennes maintiendrais maintins maintinsses il maintienne maintiendrait maintint maintnt nous maintenions maintiendrions maintnmes maintinssions vous mainteniez maintiendriez maintntes maintinssiez ils maintiennent maintiendraient maintinrent maintinssent To express  maintenir  in short and often direct sentences, you can use the imperative form. When doing so, theres no need to include the subject pronoun. Rather than nous maintenons, you can simplify it to maintenons. Imperative (tu) maintiens (nous) maintenons (vous) maintenez

Welcome to India 2012 - Documentary (Episode 1 of 3) Essay

Welcome to India 2012 - Documentary (Episode 1 of 3) - Essay Example They wake up at 3am to dust the street to get gold that, in turns; they sell to Naukada- one of the gold merchants (YouTube). They get poor pay and gets frustrated. However, the have to sell to the same man as he own house in which they live in. Their struggle is highlighted as the prices for gold goes up. This means there is less available gold in dust, in the street. They opt to go for sludge. They acquire sludge in a most inhumane way, as it is full of ‘shit’. We are also shown Javeds employees working tirelessly to get pure gold (YouTube). The film also focuses on live of poor in Mumbai beach. The life is highlighted using Rajesh family. Rajesh is married to Sevita. They own a pub with no license from the council. Rajesh had been jailed due to this illegality. Sevita his wife also does part time jobs as a cleaner despite physical challenges (YouTube). The family also goes through challenges of constant eviction. They are forced to rebuild the house every time after the eviction. Rajesh is also forced to rely on moneylender to boost his stock and is faced with challenges of repaying. I disliked the way young people are forced to go through inhumane ways of making ends meet. In this film, I have learnt it is advantageous to learn how to interact and interview in order to get facts about people ways of