Thesis on Pakistan Railways - 6300 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The current study remains limited in its scope as it looks at the problems faced by Pakistan Railways and there solutions not at the organization as a whole. The research is mainly made by collecting data from Peshawar amp; Nowshera railway stations and conclusions are drawn on the basis of that data. To undertake the task we went through the existing literature on Pakistan Railways and reviewed the current state of affairs through available data. Pakistan Railways have been running losses since mid-seventies. This persistent failure owes to absence of a clear direction for the organization, a pessimistic organizational ethos resulting from years of decline and political interference in decision making to the detriment†¦show more content†¦Of this 6,880 route kilometres (4,280 mi) were Broad gauge, 506 kilometres (314 mi) were Metre gauge, and 736 kilometres (457 mi) wereNarrow gauge. In 1954, the railway line was extended to Mardan and Charsada, and in 1956 the Jacobabad-Kashmore 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge line was converted into broad gauge. In 1961, the Pakistani portion of North Western Railways was renamed Pakistan Railways. The Kot Adu-Kashmore line was constructed between 1969 and 1973 providing an alternative route from Karachi to northern Pakistan. In February 2006 the Mirpur Khas-Khokhrapar 126 km metre gauge railway line was converted to broad gauge. ------------------------------------------------- Current state Pakistan, despite its moderate size, has a largely dysfunctional railway system. As of mid-2011, it was decided to stop all goods train haulage due to severe shortage of locomotives and fuel. The financially bankrupt organization, despite bailouts, has not been able to emerge out of its troubles leading to cancellation of as many as 115 railway services. The decision has left ordinary Pakistanis at the mercy of bus operators for long distance travel. As of 2011, the PR network cancelled many trains and AC services in many trains were stopped. On 29 December 2011, PR restored freight train service from Karachi to upcountry. ------------------------------------------------- Controversies Pakistan Railways has been theShow MoreRelatedThe Integration Of Indian People1882 Words   |  8 Pagesrule, so was the Aligarh Muslim University made for the upliftment and advancement of the Muslims exclusively. Both became instrumental to cause the communal divide and ultimately the division of the country into two separate dominions India and Pakistan on the basis of two nation therapy. 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Cash Budget Example

Essays on Cash Budget Essay CASH BUDGET ITEM Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Beginning cash balance: 5000 2300 -1300 -2900 -3900 Cash Receipts 2000 Expected cash receipts: Cash Sales 400 1600 2100 1700 2200 Total cash collected 5400 5900 800 -1200 -1700 Expected Cash Expenses: Initial Stock 1000 Inventory 1000 2500 1500 2000 Payroll (Self) 800 800 800 800 800 Payroll (Employee) 400 400 400 400 400 Other Direct Expenses: Selling Expenses 5000 Rent for stand 900 225 Total cash Expenses 3100 7200 3700 2700 3425 Cash Surplus (or deficit) 2300 (-1300) (-2900) (-3900) (-5125) From the cash surplus calculated above, it can be seen that the amount of surplus is increasing on the negative side and the major reason for this is due to the fact that there is a mismatch in the expenses and the income and it is advised that Sam would have to approach the bank with a loan of around  £6000 in order to be able to cover the expenses for the first 5 months of the business period. a) Other than the owners of a business, what other stakeholders are there and where do their interests in the business lie? Apart from the owners of a business, the following are regarded as the primary stakeholders under a business set up. They are as listed below: Investors: Investors are the entities within a business that help fund the business initiative by purchasing an equity in the company tus helping in funding the company for further growth and expansion. As such, investors hold a share in the business and they expect some financial gain out of the activities of the business. Shareholders (assuming the owners are the people who created the business): a shareholder is an individual or a business entity that owns one or more shared of a joint stock company. In this case, the shareholders may be termed as the owners of the business. But a subtle difference lies in the fact that the owners of the company are assumed to be the parties that actually participate in the business’ day to day activities unlike other shareholders who merely have invested in the company by buying its shares and as such, may be regarded as passive owners. Shareholders key interests are two fold in that they are primarily interested in the profit and growth margins of the company (which ultimately has an impact on the dividend). Additionally, shareholders also have an added privilege of taking part in the decision making process of th organization. Employees: simply speaking, an employee is an individual who undertake the role of economic production. This is achieved by the owners of the company by hiring every employee to perform a specific task that is deemed necessary from the organization’s perspective. For the employee, the progress of the company is important as this is measured against individual performance, which determines the path of the employee through the organization’s hierarchy. Government: a government is a legal authority that enacts laws and ensures that all rules legislations and policies are adhered to by the company. A government is an important stakeholder within an organization as it has to constantly monitor the welfare of all other stakeholders within the organization, which is achieved by ensuring whether all the legislations are met by the various elements of the company. b) Explain why there is a distinction between management accounting information and financial accounting information. Accounting information is maintained and distinguished broadly from two different perspectives namely in the form of financial accounts and management accounts. While financial accounts are aimed at providing information to external users, managerial accounts work towards providing a deep insight to users internal to the company. Though one may argue that both work towards providing account information to the intended users, there are numerous differences that exist among them. Financial Accounts are usually yearly accounts that provide details of the financial performance of the company and the manner in which things have been in place during the same period. This is termed as the trading period and the financial account is summarized by use of the balance sheet. Management accounts on the other hand are used by the company’s management to understand and devise the control and structure of the organization’s activities, structure and policies so as to improvise the decision making process. The sole intention of management account is to assist in minimizing costs and maximizing profits. Details of sales, profit and turnover serve the purpose of management information. Financial Accounting is governed in a stricter manner in comparison to management accounts through the ue of regulatory entities such as accounting standards and company law. Another interesting attribute is that while financial accounts are devised by considering the business as a single process, management accounts are often used to study the performance or devise strategies for specific elements of the business process such as individual departments, products etc. management accounting is worked out by use of numerous variables such as cost, sales, workforce, time, effort etc. financial accounting on the other hand, is highly streamlined and tends to focus on monetary elements alone. c) Discuss the limitations of the balance sheet in portraying the financial position of a business. A balance sheet is a snapshot of the value of the assets and liabilities of the organization and is usually worked out for a financial year. Essentially speaking, the assets and liabilities in a balance sheet are supposed to be balanced against each other. Speaking differently, the net worth of the business must equal the assets against the liabilities. However, a balance sheet, despite its importance, is known to contain certain limitations. These are as discussed here under. One of the most limiting facts about balance sheet is that its construction, production and release requires time and this means that the balance sheet is available for review only after some time after the actual occurrence of the events concerning the assets and liabilities. 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The Evolution of Art Free Essays

Stacie Mueller Art 100 Professor Morris 24 February 2012 The Evolution of Art To even begin to define art, we must have a starting point in history where something was first perceived as art. The question begs, though, why do we perceive it as art? To look up the word in a dictionary, you will find the term aesthetics almost always applied to its definition; however, much of we call art today is not exactly pleasing to the eye. Our shifting social attitudes have affected how art has been presented to us over time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now We see depictions of hate, of war, of death, and many other forms of sorrow and horror. Moreover, we must consider how technology and modern conveniences have allowed a greater realm in the world of art: Photography and Photoshop programs, computer generated graphics, and applications for use with tablets and smart phones that allow us to modify images in an infinite number of ways. Loosely defined, the word art seems to be applied to almost anything: The written word, photography, performance arts, computer graphics, commercial art, fashion, culinary, comics, and so on. For purposes of this research paper, however, the focus will be on the more concrete forms of art that we’ve come to know throughout history. The definition of art has certainly shifted and changed over time and across cultures; in this research paper we will explore how art has evolved. Art is many things to one person, and certainly carries different meanings for another person. However, anything and everything cannot be art or it would be difficult to appreciate art’s true essence; the quality that brings forth contemplation and deliberation. Besides creativity, art takes deep thought, imagination, and accomplishes a specific goal. Artists help us see things that matter and give us a different perspective with a specific goal in mind. The earliest art was discovered on cave walls in Lascaux, France. Paintings on the walls included large numbers of animals in various activities, as well as humans. In Art: A New History, Paul Johnson shows us the ingenuity of early artists: Pestles and mortars were found at Lascaux, with the discovery of â€Å"no less than 158 different mineral fragments from which the mixtures were made† (9). Techniques of these early artists included engraving with flakes of sharp flint, spraying paint, and the use of stencils. The use of colors, binding agents and tools to get the material to the walls such as brushes, and blow tools, is remarkable for the time period. It appears that the purpose of the cave paintings was to tell a story; as if the artists were attempting to make a connection with the animals they hunted and also feared (Getlein, 5). In the years since, many things have occurred in history affording great influence on art. The introduction of Christianity into the Roman Empire created a dynamic, cultural shift over religious beliefs (Getlein, 345). Realism, which centered around depictions of everyday life, was seen in art during that period of time. As the Roman Empire shifted into the Byzantine Empire in the early Middle Ages, Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was to become the state religion. Hence, Byzantium art glorified Christianity in attempt to express its mystery. The subject matter became primarily religious and imperial, moving away from realism, while showing a more compressed, abstract style. Rather than depicting images of ordinary daily life, artists created more complex scenes that represented spiritual and heavenly splendor. Mosaic was a favored technique of Byzantium artists: An example of this is the mosaic depicting Christ as Pantokrator in the Santa Maria la Nuova (Getlein, 350). During the early Middle Ages we saw emotions in art shift back to realism in Carolingian art. When the emperor Charlemagne was crowned king in 800, uniting Christianity with Roman beliefs, chapels were designed to rival Roman and Byzantine architecture. The Chapel of Charlemagne is a mighty example of Carolingian art: Massive stone structure with an octagonal plan, mosaic decoration, and an interior framed by massive arches (Getlein, 15. 13). Some competition with Byzantium may also be implicit in Charlemagne’s promotion of figural painting and carving, for he embraced and encouraged representational art at precisely the time when Byzantine rulers were renouncing images in favor of iconoclasm. The Romanesque period (1050 to 1200) gave us the proliferation of churches with thick stone walls, round arches and barrel vaulted stone ceilings. One such example is Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy (Getlein, 15. 14). Evolving from Romanesque style, Gothic art is more ornate. Churches are characterized by soaring interiors and large stained-glass windows. The Chartres Chapel exemplifies Gothic art in its flying buttresses and ornate towers (Getlein, 15. 18). During the late Middle ages, art became an even more powerful means of storytelling. This was a common device of religious art of the Middle ages, for example in the frescoes by Giotto from the Church of San Francesco de Assisi, where sequences of panels were used to tell stories from the Scriptures or lives of saints (Getlein, 15. 26). The definition of art continues to change as we cross continents. The symbolism in African art, for example, was quite strong. The use of masks was one of the most interesting parts of their everyday life. Masks were meant to be kept in motion, as Getlein explains, because they represent â€Å"the head or face of a spirit being that has appeared in the community† (420). The nowo mask was used to represent the guiding spirit of Bondo, a women’s organization that regulates female affairs. Bondo is an initiation that prepares young girls for womanhood. An important feature of the nowo mask is the rings around its base; they are meant to represent a chrysalis, as girls emerge as women at the conclusion of Bondo (Getlein, 420). In more modern times we’ve seen various forms of â€Å"isms†: Impressionism, Expressionism, Naturalism, Realism, Modernism, and Surrealism – to name a few. Impressionist painting was perceived as working from outer appearances. Expressionistic artists intended to show a more inner dialogue, particularly with their use of color. The objective attention to appearances places Impressionism within the context Naturalism. While Naturalism and Realism are terms which are used interchangeably, the Naturalist is more impressed by the surface of things, such as the textures of fabric, the play of light, or the sheen of gold. The Realist tends to probe deeper into appearances, seeking the essence. Twentieth century Modernism is a reaction to Naturalism. Trevor Pateman describes Modernism as that which â€Å"can be defined as being concerned with the inner, or subjective, at the expense of the outer, or objective† (Pateman). The modernist viewed art as an agent of social change and even helped shape many political movements. The Surrealist movement sought techniques which would permit essence to break through the illusions of appearance, emphasizing imagery from dreams and fantasy. In this, Surrealists sought to act like Realists of the inner rather than the outer world. In all of these â€Å"isms,† however, there is a certain common ground: a focus on people, nature scenes, and everyday items. We can see that art has gone through many evolutions, but even though the technology of today has created more mediums for the creation of art, I wouldn’t say it has been transformed. Art, it seems, has forever been intended to speak the language of the unconscious mind. The human condition, nature, and events continue to capture the attention of artists. Works Cited Clowney, David. Definitions Of Art And Fine Art’s Historical Origins. † Journal Of Aesthetics Art Criticism 69. 3 (2011): 309-320. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Getlein, Mark. Living With Art. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Johnson, Paul. â€Å"Painted Caves and Giant Stones. † Art: A New History. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. 7-16. Print. Keizer , Joost. â€Å"Michelangelo, Drawing, And The Subject Of Art. † Art Bulletin 93. 3 (2011): 304-324. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Pateman, Trevor. â€Å"Isms: Expressionism, Impressionism, Naturalism, Realism, Surrealism. † Selectedworks. co. uk. N. p. , 2005. Web. 2 Mar. 2013 How to cite The Evolution of Art, Papers